How much play should a valve stem have?
#11
Guest
Posts: n/a
Re: How much play should a valve stem have?
Please define sloppy. How much play, if any, should the valve stem have?
"Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
news:4011C61E.1D859048@sympatico.ca...
> You are basically talking a valve job. The seals are fairly easy, the
> fix just might not last a long time if the valve guides are sloppy.
>
> Mike
>
> William Oliveri wrote:
> >
> > The compression readings my mechanic gave me were 150 psi across all
> > cylinders. I'm getting blue smoke after idling for a few minutes when I
> > press on the gas. It doesn't smoke when keep the gas peddle down for a
> > length of time. So I'm chasing symptoms of worn valve seals according
to
> > what I've learned.
> >
> > Can the brass guides be replaced and if so how much of a job is that?
Does
> > the head need to be removed to replace the guides? These are
exploratory
> > questions.
> >
> > Thanks,
> >
> > Bill
> >
> > "Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
> > news:40119845.7727AAAB@sympatico.ca...
> > > Does this engine have decent compression? How may miles?
> > >
> > > There shouldn't be very much play in the stems. They are inside brass
> > > guides and the guides do wear out. When worn out, it is a waste of
time
> > > to put new seals in it, they will wear out or pop off fast.
> > >
> > > Are you chasing symptoms of worn out valves?
> > >
> > > Mike
> > > 86/00 CJ7 Laredo, 33x9.5 BFG Muds, 'glass nose to tail in '00
> > > 88 Cherokee 235 BFG AT's
> > >
> > > William Oliveri wrote:
> > > >
> > > > When I compressed the spring the other day I noticed there was some
play
> > > > when I moved the spring back and forth. Should there be any play
and if
> > so,
> > > > how much? What's the rule of thumb here?
> > > >
> > > > Thanks,
> > > >
> > > > Bill
"Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
news:4011C61E.1D859048@sympatico.ca...
> You are basically talking a valve job. The seals are fairly easy, the
> fix just might not last a long time if the valve guides are sloppy.
>
> Mike
>
> William Oliveri wrote:
> >
> > The compression readings my mechanic gave me were 150 psi across all
> > cylinders. I'm getting blue smoke after idling for a few minutes when I
> > press on the gas. It doesn't smoke when keep the gas peddle down for a
> > length of time. So I'm chasing symptoms of worn valve seals according
to
> > what I've learned.
> >
> > Can the brass guides be replaced and if so how much of a job is that?
Does
> > the head need to be removed to replace the guides? These are
exploratory
> > questions.
> >
> > Thanks,
> >
> > Bill
> >
> > "Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
> > news:40119845.7727AAAB@sympatico.ca...
> > > Does this engine have decent compression? How may miles?
> > >
> > > There shouldn't be very much play in the stems. They are inside brass
> > > guides and the guides do wear out. When worn out, it is a waste of
time
> > > to put new seals in it, they will wear out or pop off fast.
> > >
> > > Are you chasing symptoms of worn out valves?
> > >
> > > Mike
> > > 86/00 CJ7 Laredo, 33x9.5 BFG Muds, 'glass nose to tail in '00
> > > 88 Cherokee 235 BFG AT's
> > >
> > > William Oliveri wrote:
> > > >
> > > > When I compressed the spring the other day I noticed there was some
play
> > > > when I moved the spring back and forth. Should there be any play
and if
> > so,
> > > > how much? What's the rule of thumb here?
> > > >
> > > > Thanks,
> > > >
> > > > Bill
#12
Guest
Posts: n/a
Re: How much play should a valve stem have?
Please define sloppy. How much play, if any, should the valve stem have?
"Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
news:4011C61E.1D859048@sympatico.ca...
> You are basically talking a valve job. The seals are fairly easy, the
> fix just might not last a long time if the valve guides are sloppy.
>
> Mike
>
> William Oliveri wrote:
> >
> > The compression readings my mechanic gave me were 150 psi across all
> > cylinders. I'm getting blue smoke after idling for a few minutes when I
> > press on the gas. It doesn't smoke when keep the gas peddle down for a
> > length of time. So I'm chasing symptoms of worn valve seals according
to
> > what I've learned.
> >
> > Can the brass guides be replaced and if so how much of a job is that?
Does
> > the head need to be removed to replace the guides? These are
exploratory
> > questions.
> >
> > Thanks,
> >
> > Bill
> >
> > "Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
> > news:40119845.7727AAAB@sympatico.ca...
> > > Does this engine have decent compression? How may miles?
> > >
> > > There shouldn't be very much play in the stems. They are inside brass
> > > guides and the guides do wear out. When worn out, it is a waste of
time
> > > to put new seals in it, they will wear out or pop off fast.
> > >
> > > Are you chasing symptoms of worn out valves?
> > >
> > > Mike
> > > 86/00 CJ7 Laredo, 33x9.5 BFG Muds, 'glass nose to tail in '00
> > > 88 Cherokee 235 BFG AT's
> > >
> > > William Oliveri wrote:
> > > >
> > > > When I compressed the spring the other day I noticed there was some
play
> > > > when I moved the spring back and forth. Should there be any play
and if
> > so,
> > > > how much? What's the rule of thumb here?
> > > >
> > > > Thanks,
> > > >
> > > > Bill
"Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
news:4011C61E.1D859048@sympatico.ca...
> You are basically talking a valve job. The seals are fairly easy, the
> fix just might not last a long time if the valve guides are sloppy.
>
> Mike
>
> William Oliveri wrote:
> >
> > The compression readings my mechanic gave me were 150 psi across all
> > cylinders. I'm getting blue smoke after idling for a few minutes when I
> > press on the gas. It doesn't smoke when keep the gas peddle down for a
> > length of time. So I'm chasing symptoms of worn valve seals according
to
> > what I've learned.
> >
> > Can the brass guides be replaced and if so how much of a job is that?
Does
> > the head need to be removed to replace the guides? These are
exploratory
> > questions.
> >
> > Thanks,
> >
> > Bill
> >
> > "Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
> > news:40119845.7727AAAB@sympatico.ca...
> > > Does this engine have decent compression? How may miles?
> > >
> > > There shouldn't be very much play in the stems. They are inside brass
> > > guides and the guides do wear out. When worn out, it is a waste of
time
> > > to put new seals in it, they will wear out or pop off fast.
> > >
> > > Are you chasing symptoms of worn out valves?
> > >
> > > Mike
> > > 86/00 CJ7 Laredo, 33x9.5 BFG Muds, 'glass nose to tail in '00
> > > 88 Cherokee 235 BFG AT's
> > >
> > > William Oliveri wrote:
> > > >
> > > > When I compressed the spring the other day I noticed there was some
play
> > > > when I moved the spring back and forth. Should there be any play
and if
> > so,
> > > > how much? What's the rule of thumb here?
> > > >
> > > > Thanks,
> > > >
> > > > Bill
#13
Guest
Posts: n/a
Re: How much play should a valve stem have?
Please define sloppy. How much play, if any, should the valve stem have?
"Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
news:4011C61E.1D859048@sympatico.ca...
> You are basically talking a valve job. The seals are fairly easy, the
> fix just might not last a long time if the valve guides are sloppy.
>
> Mike
>
> William Oliveri wrote:
> >
> > The compression readings my mechanic gave me were 150 psi across all
> > cylinders. I'm getting blue smoke after idling for a few minutes when I
> > press on the gas. It doesn't smoke when keep the gas peddle down for a
> > length of time. So I'm chasing symptoms of worn valve seals according
to
> > what I've learned.
> >
> > Can the brass guides be replaced and if so how much of a job is that?
Does
> > the head need to be removed to replace the guides? These are
exploratory
> > questions.
> >
> > Thanks,
> >
> > Bill
> >
> > "Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
> > news:40119845.7727AAAB@sympatico.ca...
> > > Does this engine have decent compression? How may miles?
> > >
> > > There shouldn't be very much play in the stems. They are inside brass
> > > guides and the guides do wear out. When worn out, it is a waste of
time
> > > to put new seals in it, they will wear out or pop off fast.
> > >
> > > Are you chasing symptoms of worn out valves?
> > >
> > > Mike
> > > 86/00 CJ7 Laredo, 33x9.5 BFG Muds, 'glass nose to tail in '00
> > > 88 Cherokee 235 BFG AT's
> > >
> > > William Oliveri wrote:
> > > >
> > > > When I compressed the spring the other day I noticed there was some
play
> > > > when I moved the spring back and forth. Should there be any play
and if
> > so,
> > > > how much? What's the rule of thumb here?
> > > >
> > > > Thanks,
> > > >
> > > > Bill
"Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
news:4011C61E.1D859048@sympatico.ca...
> You are basically talking a valve job. The seals are fairly easy, the
> fix just might not last a long time if the valve guides are sloppy.
>
> Mike
>
> William Oliveri wrote:
> >
> > The compression readings my mechanic gave me were 150 psi across all
> > cylinders. I'm getting blue smoke after idling for a few minutes when I
> > press on the gas. It doesn't smoke when keep the gas peddle down for a
> > length of time. So I'm chasing symptoms of worn valve seals according
to
> > what I've learned.
> >
> > Can the brass guides be replaced and if so how much of a job is that?
Does
> > the head need to be removed to replace the guides? These are
exploratory
> > questions.
> >
> > Thanks,
> >
> > Bill
> >
> > "Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
> > news:40119845.7727AAAB@sympatico.ca...
> > > Does this engine have decent compression? How may miles?
> > >
> > > There shouldn't be very much play in the stems. They are inside brass
> > > guides and the guides do wear out. When worn out, it is a waste of
time
> > > to put new seals in it, they will wear out or pop off fast.
> > >
> > > Are you chasing symptoms of worn out valves?
> > >
> > > Mike
> > > 86/00 CJ7 Laredo, 33x9.5 BFG Muds, 'glass nose to tail in '00
> > > 88 Cherokee 235 BFG AT's
> > >
> > > William Oliveri wrote:
> > > >
> > > > When I compressed the spring the other day I noticed there was some
play
> > > > when I moved the spring back and forth. Should there be any play
and if
> > so,
> > > > how much? What's the rule of thumb here?
> > > >
> > > > Thanks,
> > > >
> > > > Bill
#14
Guest
Posts: n/a
Re: How much play should a valve stem have?
Ok, had to go look it up.
In reality almost no play at all.
If you have the spring compressed or off and the valve loose from the
seat about 1/16 down, then the most allowed side to side up at the top
of the valve stem is 0.003" to call it not worn out. Specs call for
0.001- 0.003".
That sure isn't much. Any more and it will burn oil pretty bad as well
as start wearing out the seats.
Mike
William Oliveri wrote:
>
> Please define sloppy. How much play, if any, should the valve stem have?
>
> "Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
> news:4011C61E.1D859048@sympatico.ca...
> > You are basically talking a valve job. The seals are fairly easy, the
> > fix just might not last a long time if the valve guides are sloppy.
> >
> > Mike
> >
> > William Oliveri wrote:
> > >
> > > The compression readings my mechanic gave me were 150 psi across all
> > > cylinders. I'm getting blue smoke after idling for a few minutes when I
> > > press on the gas. It doesn't smoke when keep the gas peddle down for a
> > > length of time. So I'm chasing symptoms of worn valve seals according
> to
> > > what I've learned.
> > >
> > > Can the brass guides be replaced and if so how much of a job is that?
> Does
> > > the head need to be removed to replace the guides? These are
> exploratory
> > > questions.
> > >
> > > Thanks,
> > >
> > > Bill
> > >
> > > "Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
> > > news:40119845.7727AAAB@sympatico.ca...
> > > > Does this engine have decent compression? How may miles?
> > > >
> > > > There shouldn't be very much play in the stems. They are inside brass
> > > > guides and the guides do wear out. When worn out, it is a waste of
> time
> > > > to put new seals in it, they will wear out or pop off fast.
> > > >
> > > > Are you chasing symptoms of worn out valves?
> > > >
> > > > Mike
> > > > 86/00 CJ7 Laredo, 33x9.5 BFG Muds, 'glass nose to tail in '00
> > > > 88 Cherokee 235 BFG AT's
> > > >
> > > > William Oliveri wrote:
> > > > >
> > > > > When I compressed the spring the other day I noticed there was some
> play
> > > > > when I moved the spring back and forth. Should there be any play
> and if
> > > so,
> > > > > how much? What's the rule of thumb here?
> > > > >
> > > > > Thanks,
> > > > >
> > > > > Bill
In reality almost no play at all.
If you have the spring compressed or off and the valve loose from the
seat about 1/16 down, then the most allowed side to side up at the top
of the valve stem is 0.003" to call it not worn out. Specs call for
0.001- 0.003".
That sure isn't much. Any more and it will burn oil pretty bad as well
as start wearing out the seats.
Mike
William Oliveri wrote:
>
> Please define sloppy. How much play, if any, should the valve stem have?
>
> "Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
> news:4011C61E.1D859048@sympatico.ca...
> > You are basically talking a valve job. The seals are fairly easy, the
> > fix just might not last a long time if the valve guides are sloppy.
> >
> > Mike
> >
> > William Oliveri wrote:
> > >
> > > The compression readings my mechanic gave me were 150 psi across all
> > > cylinders. I'm getting blue smoke after idling for a few minutes when I
> > > press on the gas. It doesn't smoke when keep the gas peddle down for a
> > > length of time. So I'm chasing symptoms of worn valve seals according
> to
> > > what I've learned.
> > >
> > > Can the brass guides be replaced and if so how much of a job is that?
> Does
> > > the head need to be removed to replace the guides? These are
> exploratory
> > > questions.
> > >
> > > Thanks,
> > >
> > > Bill
> > >
> > > "Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
> > > news:40119845.7727AAAB@sympatico.ca...
> > > > Does this engine have decent compression? How may miles?
> > > >
> > > > There shouldn't be very much play in the stems. They are inside brass
> > > > guides and the guides do wear out. When worn out, it is a waste of
> time
> > > > to put new seals in it, they will wear out or pop off fast.
> > > >
> > > > Are you chasing symptoms of worn out valves?
> > > >
> > > > Mike
> > > > 86/00 CJ7 Laredo, 33x9.5 BFG Muds, 'glass nose to tail in '00
> > > > 88 Cherokee 235 BFG AT's
> > > >
> > > > William Oliveri wrote:
> > > > >
> > > > > When I compressed the spring the other day I noticed there was some
> play
> > > > > when I moved the spring back and forth. Should there be any play
> and if
> > > so,
> > > > > how much? What's the rule of thumb here?
> > > > >
> > > > > Thanks,
> > > > >
> > > > > Bill
#15
Guest
Posts: n/a
Re: How much play should a valve stem have?
Ok, had to go look it up.
In reality almost no play at all.
If you have the spring compressed or off and the valve loose from the
seat about 1/16 down, then the most allowed side to side up at the top
of the valve stem is 0.003" to call it not worn out. Specs call for
0.001- 0.003".
That sure isn't much. Any more and it will burn oil pretty bad as well
as start wearing out the seats.
Mike
William Oliveri wrote:
>
> Please define sloppy. How much play, if any, should the valve stem have?
>
> "Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
> news:4011C61E.1D859048@sympatico.ca...
> > You are basically talking a valve job. The seals are fairly easy, the
> > fix just might not last a long time if the valve guides are sloppy.
> >
> > Mike
> >
> > William Oliveri wrote:
> > >
> > > The compression readings my mechanic gave me were 150 psi across all
> > > cylinders. I'm getting blue smoke after idling for a few minutes when I
> > > press on the gas. It doesn't smoke when keep the gas peddle down for a
> > > length of time. So I'm chasing symptoms of worn valve seals according
> to
> > > what I've learned.
> > >
> > > Can the brass guides be replaced and if so how much of a job is that?
> Does
> > > the head need to be removed to replace the guides? These are
> exploratory
> > > questions.
> > >
> > > Thanks,
> > >
> > > Bill
> > >
> > > "Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
> > > news:40119845.7727AAAB@sympatico.ca...
> > > > Does this engine have decent compression? How may miles?
> > > >
> > > > There shouldn't be very much play in the stems. They are inside brass
> > > > guides and the guides do wear out. When worn out, it is a waste of
> time
> > > > to put new seals in it, they will wear out or pop off fast.
> > > >
> > > > Are you chasing symptoms of worn out valves?
> > > >
> > > > Mike
> > > > 86/00 CJ7 Laredo, 33x9.5 BFG Muds, 'glass nose to tail in '00
> > > > 88 Cherokee 235 BFG AT's
> > > >
> > > > William Oliveri wrote:
> > > > >
> > > > > When I compressed the spring the other day I noticed there was some
> play
> > > > > when I moved the spring back and forth. Should there be any play
> and if
> > > so,
> > > > > how much? What's the rule of thumb here?
> > > > >
> > > > > Thanks,
> > > > >
> > > > > Bill
In reality almost no play at all.
If you have the spring compressed or off and the valve loose from the
seat about 1/16 down, then the most allowed side to side up at the top
of the valve stem is 0.003" to call it not worn out. Specs call for
0.001- 0.003".
That sure isn't much. Any more and it will burn oil pretty bad as well
as start wearing out the seats.
Mike
William Oliveri wrote:
>
> Please define sloppy. How much play, if any, should the valve stem have?
>
> "Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
> news:4011C61E.1D859048@sympatico.ca...
> > You are basically talking a valve job. The seals are fairly easy, the
> > fix just might not last a long time if the valve guides are sloppy.
> >
> > Mike
> >
> > William Oliveri wrote:
> > >
> > > The compression readings my mechanic gave me were 150 psi across all
> > > cylinders. I'm getting blue smoke after idling for a few minutes when I
> > > press on the gas. It doesn't smoke when keep the gas peddle down for a
> > > length of time. So I'm chasing symptoms of worn valve seals according
> to
> > > what I've learned.
> > >
> > > Can the brass guides be replaced and if so how much of a job is that?
> Does
> > > the head need to be removed to replace the guides? These are
> exploratory
> > > questions.
> > >
> > > Thanks,
> > >
> > > Bill
> > >
> > > "Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
> > > news:40119845.7727AAAB@sympatico.ca...
> > > > Does this engine have decent compression? How may miles?
> > > >
> > > > There shouldn't be very much play in the stems. They are inside brass
> > > > guides and the guides do wear out. When worn out, it is a waste of
> time
> > > > to put new seals in it, they will wear out or pop off fast.
> > > >
> > > > Are you chasing symptoms of worn out valves?
> > > >
> > > > Mike
> > > > 86/00 CJ7 Laredo, 33x9.5 BFG Muds, 'glass nose to tail in '00
> > > > 88 Cherokee 235 BFG AT's
> > > >
> > > > William Oliveri wrote:
> > > > >
> > > > > When I compressed the spring the other day I noticed there was some
> play
> > > > > when I moved the spring back and forth. Should there be any play
> and if
> > > so,
> > > > > how much? What's the rule of thumb here?
> > > > >
> > > > > Thanks,
> > > > >
> > > > > Bill
#16
Guest
Posts: n/a
Re: How much play should a valve stem have?
Ok, had to go look it up.
In reality almost no play at all.
If you have the spring compressed or off and the valve loose from the
seat about 1/16 down, then the most allowed side to side up at the top
of the valve stem is 0.003" to call it not worn out. Specs call for
0.001- 0.003".
That sure isn't much. Any more and it will burn oil pretty bad as well
as start wearing out the seats.
Mike
William Oliveri wrote:
>
> Please define sloppy. How much play, if any, should the valve stem have?
>
> "Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
> news:4011C61E.1D859048@sympatico.ca...
> > You are basically talking a valve job. The seals are fairly easy, the
> > fix just might not last a long time if the valve guides are sloppy.
> >
> > Mike
> >
> > William Oliveri wrote:
> > >
> > > The compression readings my mechanic gave me were 150 psi across all
> > > cylinders. I'm getting blue smoke after idling for a few minutes when I
> > > press on the gas. It doesn't smoke when keep the gas peddle down for a
> > > length of time. So I'm chasing symptoms of worn valve seals according
> to
> > > what I've learned.
> > >
> > > Can the brass guides be replaced and if so how much of a job is that?
> Does
> > > the head need to be removed to replace the guides? These are
> exploratory
> > > questions.
> > >
> > > Thanks,
> > >
> > > Bill
> > >
> > > "Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
> > > news:40119845.7727AAAB@sympatico.ca...
> > > > Does this engine have decent compression? How may miles?
> > > >
> > > > There shouldn't be very much play in the stems. They are inside brass
> > > > guides and the guides do wear out. When worn out, it is a waste of
> time
> > > > to put new seals in it, they will wear out or pop off fast.
> > > >
> > > > Are you chasing symptoms of worn out valves?
> > > >
> > > > Mike
> > > > 86/00 CJ7 Laredo, 33x9.5 BFG Muds, 'glass nose to tail in '00
> > > > 88 Cherokee 235 BFG AT's
> > > >
> > > > William Oliveri wrote:
> > > > >
> > > > > When I compressed the spring the other day I noticed there was some
> play
> > > > > when I moved the spring back and forth. Should there be any play
> and if
> > > so,
> > > > > how much? What's the rule of thumb here?
> > > > >
> > > > > Thanks,
> > > > >
> > > > > Bill
In reality almost no play at all.
If you have the spring compressed or off and the valve loose from the
seat about 1/16 down, then the most allowed side to side up at the top
of the valve stem is 0.003" to call it not worn out. Specs call for
0.001- 0.003".
That sure isn't much. Any more and it will burn oil pretty bad as well
as start wearing out the seats.
Mike
William Oliveri wrote:
>
> Please define sloppy. How much play, if any, should the valve stem have?
>
> "Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
> news:4011C61E.1D859048@sympatico.ca...
> > You are basically talking a valve job. The seals are fairly easy, the
> > fix just might not last a long time if the valve guides are sloppy.
> >
> > Mike
> >
> > William Oliveri wrote:
> > >
> > > The compression readings my mechanic gave me were 150 psi across all
> > > cylinders. I'm getting blue smoke after idling for a few minutes when I
> > > press on the gas. It doesn't smoke when keep the gas peddle down for a
> > > length of time. So I'm chasing symptoms of worn valve seals according
> to
> > > what I've learned.
> > >
> > > Can the brass guides be replaced and if so how much of a job is that?
> Does
> > > the head need to be removed to replace the guides? These are
> exploratory
> > > questions.
> > >
> > > Thanks,
> > >
> > > Bill
> > >
> > > "Mike Romain" <romainm@sympatico.ca> wrote in message
> > > news:40119845.7727AAAB@sympatico.ca...
> > > > Does this engine have decent compression? How may miles?
> > > >
> > > > There shouldn't be very much play in the stems. They are inside brass
> > > > guides and the guides do wear out. When worn out, it is a waste of
> time
> > > > to put new seals in it, they will wear out or pop off fast.
> > > >
> > > > Are you chasing symptoms of worn out valves?
> > > >
> > > > Mike
> > > > 86/00 CJ7 Laredo, 33x9.5 BFG Muds, 'glass nose to tail in '00
> > > > 88 Cherokee 235 BFG AT's
> > > >
> > > > William Oliveri wrote:
> > > > >
> > > > > When I compressed the spring the other day I noticed there was some
> play
> > > > > when I moved the spring back and forth. Should there be any play
> and if
> > > so,
> > > > > how much? What's the rule of thumb here?
> > > > >
> > > > > Thanks,
> > > > >
> > > > > Bill
Thread
Thread Starter
Forum
Replies
Last Post
lhinojosa2@socal.rr.com
Jeep Mailing List
8
09-06-2005 11:47 AM
Tripp Knightly
Jeep Mailing List
0
05-16-2004 03:35 PM
Currently Active Users Viewing This Thread: 1 (0 members and 1 guests)